International law in the contemporary world arena Essay

International law in the contemporary world arena - Essay Example t the international level, and traditionally this era is viewed as one in which the League lacked any formal means to enforce decisions related to violations of international law outside of the voluntary agreement of sovereign nations themselves. The League of Nations had a â€Å"Permanent Court of Justice† for judicial hearings of matters related to international law that functioned in a similar manner to the International Court of Justice of the UN. â€Å"The establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), the predecessor of the International Court of Justice, was provided for in the Covenant of the League of Nations. It held its inaugural sitting in 1922 and was dissolved in 1946. The work of the PCIJ, the first permanent international tribunal with general jurisdiction, made possible the clarification of a number of aspects of international law, and contributed to its development. Between 1922 and 1940 the PCIJ dealt with 29 contentious cases between States, and delivered 27 advisory opinions.†3 In both the instances of the PCIJ and the ICJ, the constructed nature of international law is evident, as both courts operate with authority and jurisdiction established through the charters of the associated international organizations, the League of Nations and the United Nations. Thus, in joining the larger, international organization, the States themselves agree to the terms and the limitation of sovereignty inherent in the organizations, as well as being bound by the international courts and their enforcement process. However, these organizations must coexist with the a priori of both customary international law and the sovereignty of the nation state domestically, and the traditions may occasionally conflict on matters of interpretation. As Article 38 of the ICJ Statute states: 1. â€Å"The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. internati onal conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.†4 Within this framework, the charters of the UN and League of Nations can both be classified as â€Å"international conventions† under Article 38:1a of the agreement and customary international law. Customary International Law (CIL), as evidenced by â€Å"

Lighting for households Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lighting for households - Essay Example Some like the roof windows act as a means of ventilation, these are relatively cheap to buy and easy to install. Electrical fittings can also be used to provide additional light at night. Instead of using bulbs with a high watt, more bulbs should be used to give an even spread of light. It would be better if the bulbs were changed from a single pendant to fitting one with multiple arms. Table and wall lights should also be installed to provide light and illuminate dark areas. Table, wall and floor should also be installed to improve the quality of light at night. The houses should have white ceilings and light or white walls as this will make the room appear brighter due to reflection of light around the room (Trade Lighting Company, 2014). Illuminating the ceiling and the top half of the room will make the room appear brighter. The fireplace can be used at night to provide additional light as well as heat. Quality of light that gets into households can be improved by doing the simplest and most inexpensive of things, therefore, it is recommended that; curtains should be secured and tied back from the windows to prevent obstruction of the sunlight (Almeida, Bertoldi, and Ricci, 87). Secondly, curtains that blocks light should be avoided since that translates to less light in the room and thus poor lighting. Net curtains should also be avoided since they block the light instead, shades should be fitted The shades and fittings used on the windows greatly influence the amount of light that goes into the house, therefore, they ought to use shades and fitting that will allow and direct light into the house. Ultimate concern should be considered to ensure that the shades do not shield light, but they prevent glare (Almeida, Bertoldi, and Ricci, 90). In addition to this, the windowsills should be white rather than using dark colors since white reflects the light unlike other darker