Restriction Endonuclease Digestion of Plasmid Dna

Introduction: With the execution of this experiment, we began to go deeper into the Cell and Molecular Biology course. The main focus of the experiment would be how the Restriction Endonucleases cleave the strands of DNA. For this experiment, pBR322 was the specimen to use. Restriction Endonucleases work by cleaving the sugar phosphate backbone of specific DNA sites. Restriction enzymes that have been isolated from bacteria have a defensive role. This idea is illustrated when an attacking foreign cell DNA is trying to alter the bacteria; restriction enzymes cleave the DNA rendering it inert.The second part of the experiment deals with Gel Electrophoresis. The samples are loaded into wells on an 1% agarose slab and subjected to electrical currents both positive and negative. Our current target here is DNA, therefore since nucleic acid as a negative charge, the bands will migrate toward the positive cathode. This process of migration is called sieving and smaller strands move faster th an longer strands due to their ease in going through the gel. The objectives of the experiment include:Learning the principles behind Restriction Enzymes and Gel Electrophoresis Applying the concepts in the experiment to produce bands at the end of the Gel Electrophoresis stage Interpreting what these bands mean with accordance to how the plasmid was cleaved Methods and Materials: For the experiment we used several restriction endonucleases (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, ScaI, SaII), ppBR322 plasmid DNA, TAE/TE Buffer, DNA Ladder (50 Bp), Restriction Buffers, 1g of Agarose, 700ml of Distilled H2O. Equipment used for the experiment included: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis System, Uv-vis illuminator and Camera or a Gel doc-it documentation system.The first procedure began by adding 8. 5  µL sterile distilled H2O, 1. 0 µL of the appropriate 10x buffer, 1. 0 µL combination of the restriction endonucleases and 1. 0 µL of pBR322 plasmid DNA (the DNA would be added last) in 5 separate 1. 5ml microcentrifuge tubes, one tube is not to have an RE in it. The mixture was then incubated for 1 hour at 37  °C. No dry block heater was available so body heat was used. After incubation, 2 µL of gel loading dye (Bromphenol Blue) was added to each mixture and loaded in 1% agarose gel. The 50bp DNA ladder was placed in lane 1.It was then subjected to electrophoresis at 100V 250mA 50W. Agarose gel was prepared by dissolving 1g of agarose gel powder in 100mL distilled H2O in a microwave over. It was then cooled at 60 °C then poured in a gel casting tray. A comb was then put and the gel was left to solidify. Afterwards, the gel casting tray was placed into the submarine gel electrophoresis system. The TAE buffer was then placed. The samples were then loaded from left to right starting with the DNA ladder on lane with and the sample without any restriction enzyme on the extreme right.It was then covered and the anodes were connected on the side of the walls. They were connec ted to the power supply set at 100V 250 mA 50W and then run. When the tracking dye reached near the end point, the power supply was turned off. The gel was then removed and transferred into a developing try containing a 10 µL ethidium bromide pero 100ml buffer. It was then shook for 15 minutes. The get was then transferred to the documentation system and Rf values were measured. Pictures were taken and the gel was immersed in hypocholorite (chlorox) solution before discarding. Results and DiscussionThe group did not include a mix without restriction enzymes because doing so will lead to undigested or incompletely digested DNA. The DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA. DNA methylation serves a wide variety of biological functions. All the known DNA methyltransferases use S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In prokaryotes, the major role of DNA methylation is to protect host DNA against degradation by restric tion enzymes. In eukaryotes, DNA methylation has been implicated in the control of several cellular processes, including ifferentiation, gene regulation, and embryonic development. Structural work on HhaI DNA methyltransferase demonstrates that the substrate nucleotide is completely flipped out of the helix during the modification reaction and has provided much insight into the enzymatic properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent DNA-modifying enzymes. Structural comparison of three enzymes, HhaI C5-cytosine methyltransferase, TaqI N6-adenine methyltransferase, and catechol O-methyltransferase, reveals a striking similarity in protein folding and indicates that many SAM-dependent methyltransferases have a common catalytic-domain structure.This feature permits the prediction of tertiary structure for other DNA, RNA, protein, and small-molecule methyltransferases from their amino acid sequences, including the eukaryotic CpG methyltransferases. Ethidium bromide is an interca lating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. It is commonly abbreviated as â€Å"EtBr†, which is also an abbreviation for bromoethane.When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA. Ethidium bromide is an â€Å"intercalating dye†, that is, it is able to slip itself into the DNA while essentially stacking itself between the bases of the helix. When it is inserted into the DNA, it becomes much more fluorescent when exposed to ultraviolet light as compared to ethidium bromide just in solution. So we can use it to visualize the DNA that has been resolved on a gel by electrophoresis.

Avatar movie essay Essay

I really was excited to write my essay on the movie Avatar which is one of my favorite films, it was released in 2009. This movie correlates about society and different kinds of people in it. It connects very well to all of the four perspectives. The functionalist, Conflict Perspective, and lastly The Symbolic Interaction. One of the main characters is Jake Sully, a former Marine who is in a wheelchair. He is very Bitter and disillusioned, but he’s still a warrior at heart. Jake wanted something worth fighting for, and he finds it in the place he didn’t expect; on a distant world. He has been chosen to join an expedition to the moon Pandora, which corporate interests are strip-mining for a mineral worth $20 billion per kilogram on Earth. To further in their work, the humans use a link system that projects a person’s consciousness into a hybrid of humans and Pandora’s indigenous humanoids, the Na’vi, which is known as the â€Å"AVATAR†. To beg in, my opinion that it relates to the conflict perspective more so than any of the other perspectives. see more:my favorite movie essay In this film, the human race is showing dominance towards the Avatar race by invading their community and destroying their ‘home tree’. The conflict perspective is put in play by that in order to understand society; we must understand the struggle between groups. The human race will always try their hardest to keep their status through manipulation, exploitation and control. In this movie, the human race demanded war because the Avatars wouldn’t move from their home tree where there was a billion dollar rock that the humans were there for. By starting a war and bombing their home tree, the humans maintained their status as a power group and failed to understand a different community in many different ways. Furthermore, this film also correlates to the functional perspective. This perspective states that in order to understand society, we must look at it in terms of parts and whole systems. Once more, the human race failed to see that even though these were by far different people from another planet; they didn’t understand that they were still living creatures with their own lifestyles and families that they have to take care of. They destroyed their life and were only worried about themselves and would take down anything in their way in order to get the gold. Lastly, this amazing movie also relates strongly to the symbolic interaction, just as much as the conflict perspective. But I’m only going to talk about to that  stuck out to me. Personally the symbolic parts about the avatar that I picked up on were first, Avatar: According to Sanskrit, Avatar means one who crosses over. The avatars in the movie were created to be vehicles which would allow human beings to cross over to communicate with the Na’vi people because they looked like them and they wouldn’t be afraid of them. Next, Blue: The Na’vi people are blue and alot of the scenes in the movie on the planet are in many different shades of blue. The color blue is symbolic of new beginnings, strength and freedom. Blue skies are emblematic of better opportunities. Blue is the color of loyalty and faith. Blue is power. Many say Blue is also the color of protection. Blue symbolism is nearly universal in meaning. To conclude, blue is used in national flags and many symbols around the world, including the flag of the United Nations States of America. To end, this is what I got from watching this movie and how I viewed something’s about it. This is a great film to watch and learn about symbolic interactionism, functionalism, or conflict. Each one played different roles on how I came up with my reasons. Work cited http://spokensanskrit.de/2013 http://www.fandango.com/avatar2009_103067/plotsummary http://www.youtube.com/ 2014

Family Counseling Approach Research Paper Essay

Family Counseling Approach Research PaperLiberty University Abstract Family counseling is a concept that is aimed at relating with couples as well as families who are in relationships considered as intimate. This helps to foster and facilitate development changes as it gives viewpoints of transformation as a way of relations among members of a family. Family counseling has a mission for all relationships in a family setting to be healthy psychologically he or she must have good family relationships. This is also referred to as family therapy (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The way in which family counseling is conducted has its roots from a rather theoretical approach which brings out a common position regarding the practice and theory of counseling. However for this reason there exist several important roles of therapy in counseling that consists of various dissimilar approaches. In a particular theory, the different viewpoints have a similar foundation based on the fact that they sh are particular fundamental characteristics which differentiate from the outlooks in other dissimilar theories (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The humanistic theory, psychodynamic theory and cognitive behavior related theory are the three most common theories known to have the most impact on a family in counseling. Amongst these three theories this paper will explore and explain family counseling approach of the Psychoanalytic therapy and its approach (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). This paper will also explain five commonly used family therapy theories which are strategic, systematic, intergenerational, structural, and experiential. This will paper also give biblical views to the psychodynamic theory and its biblical approach (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Family Counseling Approach One major approach of family therapy is that of the psychoanalytic family therapy. This view point argues that there exists both subjective and objective interdependence among people who are deemed to be a family. The objective interdependence occurs as a result of the hierarchy generation among generations and the division of labor within the involved subjects (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). This approach was born as a result of various studies that were conducted. At some time, there arose some difficulties in relation to handling the health of the well-being of certain patients and this made therapists take concern on these specific families, in which was seen as pathogenic. However, for those families the patients examinations  were carried out and the precise modes of the functionality of the findings was observed and highlighted. Researchers therefore carried out some studies in order to illustrate the type of communication present among members of the family (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). This information retrieved from researchers was found to be very helpful in further studies it was used in system family psychoanalysis. However the studies on groupings were carried out in a field of psycho sociology and from a psychoanalytic stand point it anticipated new thoughts, for instance it explored the grouping mentality, inter-fantasizing, and the grouping conveyance (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Psychoanalysts used a group of families that comprise of members with a similar life they used families from the past and present life for these experimental purposes. Scholar Freud recommended the conception of telepathic apparatus to give an explanation for the being of psychological aspects related with this apparatuss capacity to allocate and change telepathic power (Papp Shirk, 1994). Making use of this apparatus, Ren faked the model of grouping psychic apparatus, which he describes as an efficacious and intermediary fiction which is on the outlook for becoming an actual building o f a solid group (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Based on this, therapists in the family line conceptualized a family unit grouping intellectual equipment that started off archaically in the persons intuitive and the extrasensory details of the Trans generational custom (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Due to this combination, there was creation of an insensible psychic origin, universal to family members who comprised of the group. This induced a sense of belonging experience which came with a sensation of familiarity (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Desires of individuals were reflected on the line of psychic this however was where they got their content from. The FPA, family psychic apparatus is a contradictory co-construction created from the basics of inner group sensation of every member of the family, in addition to rudiments of a universal psyche as well as of the societal group. FPA as a class entails the sexual character of the tasks dynamic in family relationships (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). In psychoanalysis, this intuitive association of the family collection was taken in around the outline projected by the therapist. The psychoanalyst makes certain psychic safety, permitting the employment of the remedial procedure during the open expression necessary for the steadiness of tempora ry situations, the verity  that the period of the treatment is not known prior, and the rule of self-restraint (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). In their interpretation and involvement psychoanalysts focused particularly on a family group, this part was based on the transfer/counter-transfer. However, family psychotherapy calls for preface effort to permit the family grouping to agree to this extraordinary state of affairs. Maurice Berger according to Stierlin Helm, (1977) came up with a new theoretic-clinical part, in which suggestion to the collection of people and to psychiatric therapy was set aside (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Berger studied the Winnicotian models, and came up with the assumption that the structure of the model was not known in advance by the psychoanalysts, although it had to been created in the company of the family, however at that time his opinion of therapy was denied and avoided (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). The teaching of family psychoanalysts needs a private psychoanalysis, although it is essential to enclose psychoanalytical understanding with associates of an individuals own relations but it is still free to deliberate (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Family therapy supplies an objective production of the main conceptual underpinnings and medical actions bein g practiced in the field. When modern and traditional approaches to family counseling are presented together with techniques and perspectives, relevant and useful content emerges that helps those in this specific field. These techniques and perspectives also work as a guide for students taking this study to become better family therapists (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013).A theory is described as putting together verified observed occurrences into various fundamental principles. These are measure of how effective a theory is when it produces confirmed forecasts in the occasion when appropriate experimental data is composed (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). According to Goldenberg Goldenberg (2013) there are many times in the field of counseling that a theory receives either certification or confirmation as an indicator of its accuracy of how it actualities and strengthens the families circle. In the context of family counseling, the family therapy and counseling serves the purposes of creating research, creating languages as well as making a theoretical frame work (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Therapists must make good just decisions on how to perceive and understand the clients that their counseling, thi s must be done in a manner in which a counselor knows how to handle clients needs as wellas how to answer them on a step to step basis during therapy and during their counseling   sessions (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Theories offer counselors ideas that permit them to think analytically on issues of human growth and healing progression. Therapy and counseling theories may be observed as having four chief scopes where they too can be adequately acknowledged. These dimensions include the assumption used by the theory, a justification of the attainment of unhelpful and obliging behavior, a justification of how to maintain the identified behavior and a justification on how to aid the clients to transform their behavior and merge their achievements at the end of counseling session (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The most commonly used family therapy theories are strategic, systematic, intergenerational, structural, and experiential. Systematic family counseling theory has the basic viewpoint as a family should cooperate and work communally taking the problems faced by an individual as a problem to the entire family (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). It is for this reason that therapists depending on this theory ensure that members of a family constantly interact among themselves as this helps in developing the types of relati ons present in the family as well as how every member identify the others (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). After observing the interaction, the therapists then need bring in character to role and demonstrate to clients and member of how to deal with various problems in different ways. When the family members get to perform such actions blame game is avoided and they are in a position to experience life in a family setting together (Guttman, 1991). Structural family therapy theories employ connections and watching of kins structures to establish on the tribulations that call for special attention and change. The counselor turns out to be straightforwardly involved and may possibly operate as a member of the family in order to aid in performing communication (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Analysis of family communication is required to recognize crisis areas and generate a way out to permit the family entity to keep away from misapprehension and oral barriers. A number of key techniques applied in this family psychoanalysis practice are reframing, distortment, reorganization, and acting out (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Experiential therapy puts some emphasis on discharging sincere feelings, talking about the present, and satisfying ones tasks. This works a great deal in avoiding  the blame game as well as reducing chances of emotional problems which are known to cause stress at home. There are many supplementary family therapy suppositions, and clients can go through more than one prior to getting a therapy that works for the family unit (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). Broad studies have been conducted on nearly all of these theories, and clients should delve into curriculums to settle on which one may well be most appropriate for their exact family issues (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Strategic therapy is regularly applied in order to handle an individuals problems by using the members of his or her family. Counselors who employ strategic family therapy theories are concerned in the interpersonal skills, background of the family, in addition to association dynamics. A number of methods entail scheming a genogram, this in which permits the clients and the counselors to build a family hierarchy (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). W hen counselors are trying to establish the cause of particular problem, knowing information of the extended family as well as immediate relations can work a great deal during the counseling process (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Similar to strategic therapy, intergenerational family psychotherapy theories are also based on a transfer process in which feelings, stress, and conducts are transmitted from age group to age group, from the above theories, the theory of choice is the experiential therapy that stresses on actualization, growth, choice, self-determination and freedom. It is different with the other theories that this one describes that once various methods are applied, they occur from the counselors perceptive and impulsive reaction to the existing situations then and are made in a way that boosts the awareness of the patients of the potential they possess as well as open ways of relatives relations (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). On the other hand, its similarity with the other theories emphasizes on the importance of closeness between the counselor and client to achieve better results. Nearly all theories pinpoint this as the whole process of family counseling is an interactive session (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). There is a theory that I thought stood out amongst the rest, intergenerational family counseling theory, there is truly a way in which behavior, anxiety and emotions can be transmitted from one generation to another (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). In the past this had not occurred to me that definitely this could happen but now with the knowledge of the intergenerational theory, it has certainly  occurred to me that if these theories are applied correctly they can be used in my future counseling career (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Before changing specifically into how I would integrate my faith in family counseling approach, it is fundamental to appreciate how religion and spiritual ethics have appeared to be integrated into psychoanalysis in the recent times (Hathaway, 2005). A certain association concerned in this practice is the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, which is a part of the American Counseling Association. This was created out of an amalgamation of several organizations, which had a common need of wanting to handle topics and questions of the ways in which counseling integrates religion (Miranti, 2010). In general, ASERVICs function is to guide the counselors already in the field and teach them to integrate ethical, religious and spiritual principles into their operations. My faith is Christianity and therefore in this section, I will give my views on the Christian perspective to family counseling. In this study my faith in God is developing as an ever-changi ng way to a positive life, as well as a optimistically oriented concentration directing to anothers own troubled life, The Christian family counselor is an individual who is based in the biblical ethical structure, and who tries to help other people, in their aspirations, in efforts of restructuring their family according to the framework (Hagedorn, 2005). This kind or restructuring will entail pinpointing the issues not resolved from the original family and coming up with ways to deal with them by evaluating patterns among generations and handling the bondages in generations, assisting in the cognitive reorganization of the unreasonable thinking trends of the family (Hagedorn, 2005). I believe that God is real and he can do anything but fail, there is people in this world that is only for self, money and evil, They come in all shapes and sizes and these people reside in every profession that we can think of. During these last eight weeks I have learned a lot about many different theories of counseling, I have learned about their approaches there meanings and how they was intergraded, but however, until this paper I never learned how God was intergraded into these theories or what purpose did he serve in making these theorist successful intergrading these theories. I feel that the students need the biblical views as well as the knowled ge of these theories in this class. Sometimes just to know that God  and that Godly people are there means a whole lot to a person that has been through hell and high water. I have learned that Counseling and Psychology from a Christian stand point deals with the core and the nature of man. We as counselors need to be aware that struggle of our clients is real in this profession it is not about us. it is about our clients and their families. This is why God is very much needed in this profession. When we are counseling our clients the methodology must be consistent with a theological interpretation of man and mans social context. God cannot and will not allow us as counselors to choose goals or methods to achieve certain goals that will violate the Biblical principles of his holy words (Hagedorn, 2005). In addition, I will make an effort to apply the patient identified theory as well as include the entire family in which the client comes from to make client session a success. My biblical view of this approach is that psychoanalysts family is seen as an entity to God and is grounded on togetherness because what affects one individual, affects the whole family (Richards, Bergin, 2005). The entire family in this case may not specifically refer to only the nuclear family bu t also to the extended family as well. This viewpoint coincides with my faith, As a Christian we are taught to take care of one another and more so love your neighbor as love yourself. When conducting therapy and counseling family members with problems, I feel that there it is a Godly way of extending the love and care for one another. Also, when carrying out the therapy, I aim at ensuring that the problems of my clients are well handled and to the best of my ability the problem is in remission to be solved. I believe that there is a Christian way of handling issues as it signifies keeping an eye on our Godly brothers and sisters. Research has verified that a well-built Christian belief assists lots of believers to courageously handle the difficulties of life. It is for this reason that I believe that incorporating Christian faith in counseling sessions is helpful to clients and there immediate families. In my approach, I plan to be fair firm and consistent with all my clients, this comes of the spirit, soul, body, and the eight main conditions, and the supernatural supremacy of God are all incorporated. First, listening to the particular patient and family members is the key for the purposes of initial assessment. I would then begin Genogram and come up with a therapy and diagnosis plan (Hagedorn, 2005). On a Chri stian  perceptive, the plan should be made in consultation with the parties involved who in this case include family members and the identified patient. According to my Christian faith a family is a unit made up of husband, wife and their children, either their own or adopted ones. Other than the nuclear family, the Bible also recognizes the extended family that is comprised of relatives who are related either by marriage or by blood (Hagedorn, 2005). It is evident that when God asked Cain where his brother Abel was he responded by asking whether he was his brothers keeper. This implies that God wants us to be our brothers keeper. That is why I would incorporate this in the counseling sessions by involving all family members while handling the problems of one of them. I would then do a complete genogram for the patient and then come up with a listing of the sufferings of the patient (Hagedorn, 2005). During my session, I would ensure my client that he or she will get to learn me, and feel that he or she can trust me as well. According to Christian faith, is good to help a person improve their life. By identifying the problems, this will work a great deal in knowing exactly what is bothering the patient. From a systemic viewpoint, the relatives and therapists mu st identify and bear in mind that the relatives, the entire, is superior to the character parts (Gold, 2010). While applying this approach, I would integrate my Christian faith by understanding and focusing on some three critical factors. These include rules, roles and relationships (Kostenberger, Johns, 2004). By concentrating on the connection among the family members, I would not only be seeking to help the communication among them and acknowledgment of one anothers opinions and mind-sets, but also intending to establish a room where advancement can more easily be realized. After this, I would conduct a session of acceptance or what is known as assertiveness training. Then, lasting solutions will be provided of the various pinpointed problems. If for instance the problems of the patient include addiction, anxiety, depression and guilt and shame, I would give a lasting solution for each. In depression, I would ensure that the client will not only stop experiencing pain and incidences of hopelessness but also will experience happiness which is the lasting solution (Richards, Bergin, 2005). For shame and guilt, the patient will not only learn to grant forgiveness to them but will also gain knowledge of how to forgive others for future purposes. In anxiety, I will not only calm the patient down but  also ensure that he or she acquires a peace of mind thereafter. For addition which is affecting most people nowadays, the patient will not only get sober but will also become as whole. While handling the patient, I would consider at Thrive that he or she is not a disorder but a person (Grimm, 1994). The Christian faith teaches that we are beautiful and acceptable to the eyes of the Beholder and that serve to God is like service to man. It is for this reason that the approach in use does not view patients as a set of symptoms or just a chance to make money but it views the client like any other human being. Lastly, the morals of love and forgiveness, which are fundamental standards of Christianity, are fundamental to the family counseling. This means love of the family members to the affected individual in all manner of ways (Hagedorn, 2005). I would there apply that by ensuring that the relatives of the affected party get to understand the importance of loving that individual and not discriminating him or her. By doing this, he or she feels accepted to the world at large. As for forgiveness, as earlier mentioned the individual should be taught to forgive themselves and the relatives should learn to forgive the identified individual in situations where he or she may have done a wrong to either of them. These Christian values can therefore be integrated in family counseling approach. As for the integration section ab ove, one conclusion that can be drawn is that it is possible for one to integrate Christian faith values and principles while using the various counseling approaches. Conclusion In conclusion I have learned that this study focused on the selected approach of psychoanalyst and experiential therapy theory although the results of this integration section can be used to examine other approaches and theories as well. However, therapists and counselors worldwide should consider integrating their faith/religion while handling patients and their families. This is important as it helps those in the counseling area of expertise serve the patients better and professionally to make them better than they were before. References: Evans, J., Evans, K. (2007).Marriage on the rock. Ventura, CA Regal Books. Gold, J. M. (2010). Counseling and spirituality Integrating spiritual and clinical orientations. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education Inc. Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2013). Family therapy An overview (8th Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA Brookes/Cole. Grimm, D. W. (1994). Therapist spiritual and religious values in psychotherapy. Counseling and Values, 38, 165-175. Guttman, H.A. (1991). Systems Theory. Cybernetics and Epistemology. Hagedorn, W. B. (2005). Counselor self-awareness and self-exploration of religious and Spiritual beliefs know thyself. Hathaway, W.L. (2005, August). Preliminary practice guidelines for religious/spiritual issues. Kostenberger, A. J., Johns, D. W. (2004). God, marriage, and family Rebuilding the biblical foundation. Miranti, J. G. (2010). Historical Development of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC). Napier, A., Whitaker, A. (1978). The family crucible The intense experience of family therapy. Papp, P., Shirk, S. R. (1994). The process of change. New York, NY Guilford Press. Stierlin, Helm. (1977). Psychoanalysis and family therapy. New York Jason Aronson. Richards, P. S., Bergin, A. E. (2005). A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy (2nd Ed.). Washington DC American Psychological Association.

China's economic discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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How has the recent economic crisis affected our sense of global Essay

How has the recent economic crisis affected our sense of global culture and metropolitan life - Essay Example Economic crisis has resulted due to a number of reasons. It is a result of improper policies implemented in the financial system which gives birth to numerous micro and macro economic problems. These reasons have varying severity and have affected the global economies of the world. The recent recession has webbed the entire global economies into its victimization and caused severe distress among both, developed and under-developed countries of the world. Recent economic crisis has paved way for inequality across many nations and has had a dampening impact upon their financial position. This crisis has led to other severe crises and it is matter of global concern. Recent economic crisis have not only affected economic variables but has affected peoples’ sense of global culture and metropolitan life in numerous ways. There have been significant alterations in the economic structure, relative prices and patterns of consumption which have bolstered adverse impacts upon the peoples’ incomes, living patterns and their jobs, globally. However, it is also evident from the crisis that where there have been adverse impacts upon many people, there have been some people who have capitalized and gained from this situation of adversity. However, this economic crisis has not affected each and every individual. Instead, it has impacted people who belong to the lower class. In many countries, this has uplifted social disparity and adversely affected groups of workers and may it be skilled or unskilled as there have been new entrants into the country through trade liberalization and other developments liked immigration of skilled personnel from third-world or developing countries. Furthermore, organized labor argues that this has not affected those groups or individuals who possess entrepreneurial ability along with educational and skilled background. Due to the economic crisis, the governments in many countries have cut back their expenditure towards the

The Effects of Reading Skills on Elementary School Students With Research Proposal

The Effects of Reading Skills on Elementary School Students With Program Development - Research Proposal Example This essay stresses that disorders in reading skills are a common problem for students, specifically because of the curricula that are expected to continue to be used by teachers. The persistence of the problem is linked to psychological, behavioral, emotional and developmental associations, making it difficult for students to increase their skills. The teacher responses are also often limited because of expectations with meeting specific standards, pressures associated with the classroom format and links to the expectations with the curricula that are used. The examination of disorders that are specific to reading skills is one which holds specific attributes. This paper makes a conclusion that Tte problem which is associated with reading skills and disorders is based on the gap from teachers and administrators with meeting the need of children. Currently, policies and standards have been put into place that is based on the needs and development of those interested in creating reading skills. This is combined with the need to have more resources and tools for teachers while finding ways to fill the gaps with students who are suffering from reading disorders. The lack of information available, difficulties with those who are working with the policies and the associations that are created from the development which is expected is the main way in which the problem arises with those who are suffering from disabilities with reading. ... This is furthered with the diverse needs which are associated with learning disabilities. This particular study will look at the gaps as well as opportunities that are associated with specific reading disabilities among students. With this study, teachers will be able to develop more opportunities for students to have capacities to learn to read, even with learning disorders. Definition of Terms Reading Disorder: Difficulty in reading based on neurological alterations in the mind. Dyslexia: Decoding of words which is not created in order. Developmental impairments: Psychological factors which link directly to the reading abilities of students, such as ADD or ADHD. Literature Review The examination of disorders that are specific to reading skills is one which holds specific attributes. General learning disorders are now divided according to ways in which individuals react and the associations which are created toward the disorders. When looking at the standards and expectations, it is noted that there are common reading disorders that many children are now focused on. This relates to cognitive and psychological dysfunctions that hinder the learning process. The problem with the disorders furthers with the teacher and administrative standards and expectations as well as the inability to continue to change the curriculum because of these standards. This is furthered with the classification differences for the learning disorders and the expected intervention programs which often don’t have the correct link to solving the disorders. Developing the needed alterations with the learning disorders and understanding how this is continuing to develop creates a firm basis to finding improved solutions to help

Denial of service issues and solutions Dissertation

Denial of service issues and solutions - Dissertation Example (Chau) The real intent of those attacks is to shut down a site and not to penetrate it. Purpose may also be vandalism, extortion or social action including terrorism. (Crocker, 2007) 1.3 How DoS works The nature of DoS can be explained using Figure 1.1. In the figure, Bob is the authentic user of the system and he sends messages using the insecure Internet to the server. Darth, the attacker interfere the services offered by server and make the genuine user, Bob, invisible to server. In a normal connection, users transmit a message to the server to get authentication from the server. Then, the server returns a message to authenticate to the user as a genuine user of the system. Also, from the user side, the acknowledge message is sent back to approve the server and the connection between the user and the server is established. Figure 1.1 Denial of Service (Stallings, 2006) When a denial of service attack is taken place, the server receives several authentication requests, seemingly ca me from the authentic users, which have false return addresses. The server fails to successfully locate the user while trying to return the authentication acknowledgement. Then, the server waits so that it can authenticate the user before stopping the connection. In most DoS attacks, the attackers flood the servers with forged requests and make servers delayed. 1.4 Types and Generation of DoS Attacks Generally, there are three major classifications of DoS attacks depending on the victims targeted by attackers—users, hosts or networks though there are several types of DoS attack prevalent on Internet. US Cert advisory suggests that the three main types of DoS attacks are bandwidth, protocol and software vulnerability attacks. The major aspects that most DoS attacks are focusing on are bandwidth, CPU time and memory. Most common DoS attacks can be summarized as the following. 1.4.1 TCP SYN Flood Attack Flood type attacks are the first known form of a DoS attack and their attack ing mechanism of is quite simple – attackers send more traffic to a server than it can handle. (Georgieva, 2009) SYN Flood attack is a protocol type and exploits the weakness of TCP/IP protocol. US CERT advisory defines SYN flood as â€Å"an asymmetric resource starvation attack in which the attacker floods the victim with TCP SYN packets and the victim allocates resources to accept perceived incoming connections†. In TCP SYN flood attack, the legitimate users are ignored when the attacker initiates a TCP connection to the serve with a SYN. The victim server responds to the request with spoofed IP address and waits for ACK from the client side. Then, the connection table of the server is filled up and it neglects all new connections from legitimate users. This phenomenon can be clarified using Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2 Comparison of Normal TCP 3 ways Handshake and TCP SYN Flood attack demonstration (cisco.com) Flood type attacks are so common and powerful. Georgieva (2009 ) suggests that â€Å"even if a webmaster adds more bandwidth, this still is not a sufficient protection against a flood attack†. Because of the bandwidth insufficiency, even the normal volume of legitimate requests may appear as flood attacks. 1.4.2 Ping of Death Attack The Ping of Death or POD attack is another DoS attack with simple principle. It exploits software vulnerab

NAFTA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NAFTA - Essay Example An understanding of the economic effects and the benefits of this agreement is important for those personnel who are to be stationed in near shore positions located in Mexico or Canada. The first benefit for large American based companies who choose to deploy a part of their operations in Mexico or Canada is the economic advantage of lowered recruitment and Human Resource Cost for skilled and unskilled labor as compared to the economic market in America (Wikipedia, 2006). Additionally, American operations managers and executives of companies working in Mexico have the advantage of a higher standard of living in Mexico since the cost of living is lower (World Bank Group, 2001). After a decade of free trade with America, the Mexican economy like the Canadian economy has become very closely linked to the American economic system. NAFTA therefore is essential for Mexico’s continual growth and economic survival as a trillion dollar plus economy. With NAFTA the economy of Mexico has experienced booms but there is still some controversy about the application of the rules under NAFTA (Wikipedia, 2006). The opposition mostly comes from the economic crisis which Mexico went under soon after the signing of the treaty in 1995. However, the data collected by the World Bank and other economic agencies show that NAFTA has been mostly beneficial for the economy of Mexico since the poverty rated have gone down and economic improvement has resulted in greater job opportunities for the Mexican people. Real incomes and salaries have been on the rise and if the government continues to invest in education and other public projects for development Mexico could become one of the fastest growing economies of the world (World Bank Group, 2001). While the trade between the countries has been liberalized like the European Common Market, the national sovereignty of nations has not been changed and the laws for

Licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State Essay Example for Free

Licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State Essay Currently, I am a licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State. I work with developmentally disabled and autistic children in both a private capacity and within the public school system. As an occupational therapist for children, I have to draw on the knowledge of a number of disciplines such as cultural studies, medicine, sociology, and even architecture to best serve the needs of each individual. Most of this knowledge helps me to prepare the children for futures in the classroom and society in general. Each discipline area allows me to give the children the physical and psychological tools they will need. However, there is also a very important emotional preparation that the children need even more than their physical needs that goes into my work. Developmentally disabled and autistic children often respond to touch in order to learn. Developmentally disabled children need touch because often verbal communication fails them. Physical contact through massage techniques can teach them how to use the processes they don’t lack in to strengthen the areas they fall behind. Autistic children on the other hand need to learn to accept touch/physical contact as a means of communication. For both areas of my work, I hope to use the knowledge I gain through Finger Lakes School of Massage to integrate techniques that will benefit children as they navigate a world that is often frustrating for them as they learn to adapt. Professional massage training provides me with further tools to utilize in helping children lead fulfilling lives. The techniques that I learn will be applied in early intervention therapy, which provides these special children a head start on preparing for the classroom and other social, academic, and medical situations they may/will encounter in their lives. 2. The world is becoming a smaller place, or so the cliche indicates. Yet I have found within my own community that though the world may grow more connected technologically, people grow farther apart. Many individuals go through whole days, weeks, even months without human physical contact. We are social animals by nature; we were not made to live solitary lives devoid of touch. Human touch is necessary to our well being physically and emotionally, so without this needed touch, we grow more stressed, distant, and irritable. In addition to my work as an occupational therapist in early intervention with developmentally disabled and autistic children, I hope to use the expertise I gain at Finger Lakes School of Massage to serve my community. In both my occupational therapy work with very young children and as a message therapist for adults, I firmly believe that the combination of physical touch and massage provides my clients an opportunity to relax overused muscles and make use of long dormant muscles. Therefore, I would like to be able to offer my services as a massage therapist to the people around me. I have found that despite the vast need for such services, most communities including my own have very few massage therapists or simply none at all. Those few often find themselves exceedingly busy trying to fulfill the need of their communities because so many people seek out message therapy to ease the demands on their bodies and minds. The time used to deliver a massage is time individuals can use to slow down and care for their personal health and well being. Massage is a growing discipline that is attempting to fill the essential need of human socialization that includes necessary touch, physical release of tension, and an opportunity to just stop and relax.

Development of Nano Technologies

Development of Nano Technologies Introduction Extensive work has been put into the research of nanotechnology capabilities in the past decade and the findings have opened a new range of multi-functional materials in the industry. However, a major issue faced today is incorporating nano-particles into the final composite structure by using current infrastructure. New developments in the field, such as multifunctional materials with enhanced electrical, thermal and mechanical properties are required by several industrial applications. This review is an attempt at showing the most recent and representative performances of nano-enabling technologies reported in literature. The focus of this review is on the two main manufacturing technologies used in aerospace industry: Autoclave (or Pre-preg pre-impregnated composite fibres), and Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) technologies. It looks at several approaches used in the nano-enabling of composites for the aforementioned paths and presents the latest reported results from literature. Fi nally, this work shows the difference between available integration nano-technology and future developments that are currently in demand for aerospace applications. Since the early 90s, micro- and nano-phase in polymers have been successful ways to improve material performance in various structural (such as strength, stiffness, energy absorption and thermal stability) and non-structural functionalities (such as thermal conductivity, energy storage and structural health monitoring). There are mainly two routes to creating nano-enabled composites nano-augmentation (random and homogenous distribution of nano-particles in the material) and nano-engineering (pre-organized distribution of nano-particles) [5]. These methods are considered the most promising in regards to multi-functionality increased performance and integrating possibilities. [6]Such materials, also called hierarchical composites may gain new properties from nano-scale incorporation as well as benefiting from the advantages of traditional structural (Fig. 2). Since the early 00s, significant economical efforts have been invested in the research of such innovative materials. The aeros pace industry has been a leader in this development, requiring high performance materials with high durability to extreme environment conditions. Fibre reinforced composites are used in applications such as structural panels, satellite platform and solar array substrates. These applications can improve through nanotechnology with development in permeability for cryogenic tanks and durability to diffusion species, space station oxidation resistance, mechanical toughness against structure damage, high modulus for stable and precision structures, interlaminar shear strength for tubular structures, electrical conductivity for electrical dissipation and lightning strike protection, etc.[8]. In this review, nano-enabling of composites methods are presented from the processing and manufacturing point of view. The works perspective is focused on near term application. Firstly, all the steps of each technique are identified, and then the options available for nano-scale phase integration are evaluated. The evolving trends are presented alongside through reported performance of novel composite material systems. Lastly, the expected near and long-term progress is reviewed. Main Body This review focuses on the two most commonly used technologies Autoclave/ Prepreg and RTM. Prepreg technology is currently most used in aerospace industry for manufacturing high performance components while the latter is used as an alternative for large complex shapes. The differences between the two techniques can be observed in the state of the fibre reinforcement (dry or wet) and the curing methods (autoclave i.e. heating in a container, or out-of-autoclave curing). Most of the space structures are assembled from prepreg systems, which are set up on moulds and cured in an autoclave [3]. With RTM, the fibre that forms in dry state is preassembled to form the preform reinforcement and it is used for complex shapes that can be more readily made than other moulding techniques. With these methods covered, it is thought that the majority of composite production technologies for aerospace industry are addressed. Pre-impregnated composite manufacturing route This method is considered the most entrusted for producing high performance aerospace structures. Prepregs are very flexible, being able to cover various material needs given proper selection of the matrix and the fibre. Currently, due to the well-established prepregs, autoclave and automated laminating manufacturing industries, it is crucial to find methods that allow the incorporation of nanotechnology in prepregs without changing already developed steps in composite manufacturing. The conventional process for Autoclave Cured Prepreg Composite Manufacturing is mapped in Fig. 3. The process starts with the preparation of the available materials which are then manually or automatically laid-up with the required layers cut to the shape and size from the roll, based on the composite component requirements. Vacuum, combined with high temperature and pressure is used to assist a controlled resin flow in the elimination of entrapped air until the final cure of the part. Afterwards, when t he temperature and pressure are brought to ambient levels, the part is demolded and tempering and finishing is applied. In some cases (for example high performance polymers), a post-curing cycle may be required. Resin transfer molding composite manufacturing route RTM can be used to describe various techniques in aerospace industry [10, 11], such as Vacuum Assisted RTM (VARTM) and Resin Film Infusion (RFI). Generally, RTM is a process that belongs to out-of-autoclave manufacturing, where liquid resin is injected in a dry fibrous enclosed preform until the final curing of the part. RTM is a cost effective process when the component production numbers are high (

Themewriting is Writing Itself :: Writing Education Essays

Themewriting is Writing Itself In deciding as to what I would write my paper on, I ran through the various topics that were discussed in class. Being that the paper topics were left to our discretion, gave me a feeling of confusion and frustration. I have always been used to the typical format done by the majority of teachers in assigning exactly what we were supposed to write about, but this time "I" was in charge. Then it hit me. Why not write about the implantation of teaching students to write themewriting and the affect it has had on the skill of writing in general. What I believe about writing is that, writing has lost its' aesthetics and has become an art practiced by authors and not a skill practiced by the general public. I can recall countless assignments in which a writing assignment gave me great difficulty because I couldn't adapt to the general style practiced by my classmates. Plus if I didn't change my style of writing my grade would suffer. So then, I began to write like the populous and as I beca me a better themewriter my creativity and originality suffered. This might sound silly, but I believe that true original writings come out in misspellings and clutter. Only upon revision and a moment to really slow down, does the writer have a chance to look over what he/she has written. Thus making it good writing. I can honestly say that except for one teacher in my years of writing have I ever learned a damn thing about writing. His name was Mr. Youngberg and he taught creative writing. I loved his class. I was a chance for me to just write and not worry about adapting other writers styles. He did not tell his students what to write about nor did he refer to other books or poems that have been written. The thing that he did was spark our creative side and help us to find ourselves in what we wrote. Heck, we even did meditation exercises that when the music stopped we would be expected to write about something. Not anything in particular, just whatever we thought of while we were relaxing. Because of the appreciation for writing that I gain fro m his class it hard, at first, to write themewriting. I felt like I was just spitting out the same old shit that I have learned or heard in other classes, but this time I was just changing the title.

Computer-Based Training :: Work Job Technology Essays

Computer-Based Training Definition and Descriptions of Computer-Based Training Workers, new or experienced, are constantly needing some kind of education or a new way of doing something in their system. The training usually needs to be done at a convenient time, and in a cost effective and timely manner. This is where computer-based training comes into play. Computer-based training or CBT has been described as a "method that supports and strengthens adult learning†¦ that fosters flexible, self-directed learning techniques" (Sandler, 1998). While working at their own pace, the learners can experience the progress that they are making, while answering the questions at attention level that is suitable to learn the material (Lawson, 1999). Lawson (1999) describes CBT training as the computer is "the trainer" that uses multimedia such as text, video, audio, graphics, and animation. In fact, the computer is said to be the main "powerful and effective tool†¦that can be used, as learning reinforces", and that is used in the CBT world (Blankenhorn, 1999). At this point, the computer, as the technology, and training go synonymously together. Also, both the methods with the computer hardware and software are constantly changing (Forster, 1998). Lawson (1999) also mentions that the CBT can provide different kinds of training for various jobs. People from marketing and sales to manufactures and industrial workers are using CBTs (Sandler, 1998). With CBT, a person in a job, that is offering the CBT training, can do the training when he or she has the time without causing a problem for the company or themselves (Couret, 1999). Computer-based training can be characterized as an information "training system that incorporates a needs assessment on the students, lesson objectives and plans, development of the program, and evaluation and feedback" (Janicak, 1999). These features will be discussed further. CBT has been compared to the traditional approach of training, and there are many features and processes that are different, which will both be discussed. Also, the concerns and positive effects of CBT will be explained. Comparisons of Computer-Based Training and Traditional Training CBT and classroom or traditional training methods are the two main types of training that is compared in most of the literature. Recently studies have shown that CBT is as effective, if not more effective than traditional training. Traditional training can also be called live instruction (Blankenhorn, 1999).

Tobacco Companies Targeting Young People :: Free Essay Writer

Tobacco Companies Targeting Young People Thesis: Statistics show us that young people are the main target of the tobacco companies. Outline I. Introduction II. Two main companies III. Tobacco industries claims VI. Other problems V. Stopping them from smoking VI. Conclusion Every day, 3,000 kids start smoking, most of them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids add up to 90 percent of all new smokers (Roberts 38). These statistics show us that young people are the main targets of the tobacco companies. The cigarette manufacturers will deny it, but advertising and promotion play a very important part in making these statistics a reality. The two main companies in this advertising war are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a western cowboy called the Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a hip cartoon character. Everywhere you go there is billboards or some other kind of advertisement on these two shady characters. When I say shady, I imply that these characters are not just figures we see but they are traps just waiting to lure the next victim in. As kids look through magazines and see Joe Camel driving a cool car and surrounded by beautiful women they get the idea that in order to be somebody they need to smoke a Camel cigarette. It is not right to prey on young people just because they are unaware of the dangers of smoking. The tobacco industry denies that these symbols target people less than 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who said "If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it"(Roberts 38). The problem we are facing is not only with the tobacco companies but with the young people also. The reason why I say this is because most youths know that they are being targeted. If these kids realize that the advertising is manipulating them, why do they still smoke? The ads reflect an image of rebellion and fitting in. These are all the things a young person, between childhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on top of peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is not cool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas 450).

An Interview Of International Students Education Essay

In order to acquire more precise information and direct consequences, the research was conducted by two chief methodological analysiss, which are interview, and concentrate group. Interview is one of the most effectual and direct manner to analyze the premise made antecedently and compares the consequences with expected 1s. It is besides a manner for participant to acquire involved and speak about their positions and the interviewees are able to discourse their perceptual experience and reading in relation to a given state of affairs. Some argued the interview is non merely concentrated on roll uping informations about life: it is portion of life itself ; its human embeddedness is ineluctable ( Cohen, et al. , 2000 ) . As my research is focused on certain groups of people ‘s life behaviour, therefore interview would be the primary method to be used. Structured interview was considered at first as I thought it would hold more control of the interview and it could be easier to compare all the consequences. However, as the inquiries are instead unfastened, replies are really different from each and during the interview, interviewee would give some reply that may raise another valuable inquiry. The information interviewee are able provide is really more than I thought earlier and it may be better to merely utilize semi structured interview and allow it be more free and that manner I could besides acquire more meritable consequences. Although different inquiries might be used during questioning different pupils, all the inquiries are relevant to the chief research intent. Furthermore, the flexibleness of semi structured interview could overpower the restrictions on statistical analysis that would ensue. And flexibleness in planing and polishing the interview ushers and in put to deathing interviews is perchance the most important key to success in utilizing this method ( Horton, et Al, 2004 ) . Corbetta ( 2003 ) illustrate points like for semi structured interview, within each subject, the interviewer is free to do the conversation as he thinks tantrum, to inquire the inquiries he finds appropriated in the words he considers best, to explicate the inquiries and inquire for elucidation if the reply is non clear and to make his ain manner of conversation. In semi structured interview, a specific hypothesis does non necessitate to be tested needfully by the interviewer ( David & A ; Sutton, 2004 ) . Because the research is seeking to happen out a consequence instead than to turn out a hypothesis, it may be better to follow this type of interview. Ten International pupils from different states were interviewed meanwhile five Chinese pupil were interviewed every bit good. The 15 interviewees claimed they all drink before the interviews officially start. In order to make a relaxed and private ambiance, all the interviews took topographic point in interviewees ‘ room and all of interviewees have their single room in No.11th edifice ( international pupils ‘ abode, No. 12th Building ( postgraduate pupils ‘ abode ) and No. 16th edifice ( Male pupils abode ) . Due to the turning away of mistranslation between Chinese and English, the interviews were conducted wholly in English and the replies were recorded by handwriting drumhead in English every bit good. Some inquiries were added after a few interview were done as comparing the replies between some Chinese pupil interviewees gave and some international pupil interviewees, there will be valuable inquiries emerged. And that could be seen as countries I did non expec t. Semi structured interview gives me chances to examine for thoughts and sentiments of the interviewee. Probing is understood as a manner for the interview to research new waies which were non ab initio thought ( Gray, 2004, p.217 ) . Besides cardinal subjects and sub-questions from interviewee give research worker a sense of order to make inquiries from unplanned brushs ( David & A ; Sutton, 2004, p.87 ) . For illustration, one inquiry was which manner of imbibing do you prefer: the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing ( i.e. purchase a bottle and blend it with soft drinks and portion it ) or typical Western pupil manner of imbibing ( i.e. everyone purchase their ain drink ) and why. Most of Chinese pupil and international pupil interviewee answered sooner typical Chinese pupil manner ; nevertheless Chinese pupil interviewee besides claimed they think international pupil by and large would non prefer the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing. Consequently a inquiry for inte rnational pupil interviewee â€Å" why do you believe some Chinese pupil claim they think international pupil would non prefer the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing † is add up. Furthermore, with the purpose of acquiring more in depth consequences, the model of focal point group were used as 2nd method. A focal point group is a structured group interview. It is an exploratory technique that sets out to happen a scope of sentiments about a peculiar subject ( Hawe et.al. , 1990 ) . Focus groups are particularly effectual for capturing information about societal norms and assortment of sentiment or positions within a population. The population of this research would be two peculiar group- international and Chinese pupils in UNNC. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1994, p.365 ) demonstrate that the term â€Å" concentrate group † could be used to a state of affairs in which the interviewer ask group members really specific inquiries about a subject after comparatively big research has already been completed. Because non everyone will hold the same positions and experiences and due to different in age, gender, entree to resources, and other factors-many different point of view will probably be expressed by participants. Within a survey, focal point groups are typically one method among many that are used to make a complete image of how given issue affects a community of people. Focus groups contributes to this wide apprehension by supplying reasoned informations on societal and cultural norms, the pervasiveness of these norms within the community, and people ‘s sentiment about their ain values. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1994, p.365 ) demonstrate that the term â€Å" concentrate group † could be used to a state of affairs in which the interviewer ask group members really specific inquiries about a subject after comparatively big research has already been completed. Because semi-structured interview had already been done at earlier phase and I want to happen out wider and more in de epness consequence, two focal point groups was formed, and participant were indiscriminately selected, and participants are wholly different from those who took portion in the interview. Harmonizing to Merton et Al, the size of the group should seemingly be determined by tow considerations: it should non be excessively big to manage and non to be excessively little it fails to supply better coverage that an interview with one person. Nevertheless, the figure of participants besides depends on the aims of the research ( Stewart & A ; Shamdasani, 1990 ) . Smaller groups including four to six people can be preferred when the participants have a great trade to portion the subject or hold had adequate experience with the subject that is traveling to be discussed ( Kreuger, 1988, p. 94 ) . Because of deficient clip and I am seeking to cut down cost, besides international pupils and Chinese pupils are both familiar with the research subject and they have their enthusiasm replying the inqui ries, each group consists of five members, of whom the first group with international pupils discusses four inquiries, the 2nd group with all Chinese pupils discoursing the same inquiries. Furthermore, a focal point group should be carefully planned treatment designed to ask perceptual experiences in a defined country of involvement in a permissive, non-threatening environment ( Kreuger, 1988, p. 18 ) . All the inquiries were pre planed and under the way of non being insistent as interview inquiries and the first group treatment took topographic point in a kitchen of international pupils abode, where is regarded like a common room for international pupils and the topographic point they have drinks and socialise. This manner all the participants may experience less intense and more permissive. To do certain the 2nd group participants have a relaxed atmosphere every bit good, the treatment occurred in the juice saloon, a topographic point where Chinese pupils ever like to socialise, l oosen up and holding treatment at that place. The process of the treatments were recorded by tape recording equipment and summarized in word paperss. Ethical motives: Ethical jobs and concerns are portion of mundane pattern of making all sorts of research, particularly in qualitative research. It is argued there are at least two major dimensions of moralss in qualitative research ( Guillemin & A ; Gillam, 2004 ) . The first 1 is â€Å" procedural moralss † that usually involves seeking blessing from a relevant moralss commission to set about research affecting worlds. The 2nd one is â€Å" moralss in pattern † that ethical issues originate in making the research. About the utility in turn toing ethical issues that originate in pattern, professional ethic codifications may be non practical and applicable but merely serve as general guidelines ( Guillemin & A ; Gillam, 2004 ) . Procedural moralss of my research would be evaluated. There are some countries in which ethical jobs face the judge such as keep backing the nature of the rating research from the participant, exposing participants to Acts of the Apostless that would harm them ; invasion of participant ‘s privateness and keep backing benefits from participant and so on ( House, 1993 ) . As for my research, ethic would be examined from the facets of informed consent, confidentiality and privateness. Informed consent in qualitative research is frequently consider unsafe as it indicate that the research worker knows before the event that what it will be in the terminal and its possible effects, nevertheless this is non the instance in qualitative research ( Eisner, 1991 ) . Although as my research is qualitative, I am non able to state the participants what the consequences would be and what effects it would convey, I did informed and explained all the participants the nature of the probe before the interview and concentrate group was initiated. Piccolo & A ; Thomas ( 2008 ) illustrated that the topic should show his/her credence of digesting fraudulence and incommodiousness and the research worker must vouch the safe calabash of confidentiality and the public assistance of the participant. Capable must be made feel that they could discontinue the survey at any clip without any penalty and reverberation. In my instance, all the participants were asked whether if they are willing t o reply the inquiries of their imbibing behaviour and besides give information about their parents ‘ imbibing behaviour as there are inquiries related in the interview. Additionally, they were informed if they feel uncomfortable replying some inquiries they could merely decline to reply it or discontinue the interview or treatment at any minute. Qualitative judges could ever cover with confidentiality by trying procedure and through proficient precautions when the information is analyzed ( Shaw, 2003 ) . The United States National Institution of Heath grants certifications of confidentiality for some probe incorporate private information that may take to stigmatisation or favoritism, information related to utilize of intoxicant, drugs or other habit-forming substances is one of them. Because my research is linked with the use of intoxicant, confidentiality is needed without any uncertainty. In order to do informations drumhead easier, I had asked all of the participants ‘ full name, age and nationality. Their information along with interview responds transcript is traveling to be destroyed after informations analysis is done. The record tape and the paperss that have all the information in would be destroyed and deleted. Interviewees and participants were told their information would be vanished after the research is d one and they gave their information voluntarily. Furthermore, I chose to hold the interviews and concentrate group in participants ain room protected participants ‘ privateness as they were speaking their ain behaviour. Restrictions The restrictions of this survey Begin with me, as a research worker. I am restricted with timing, deficiency of certain cognition and entree. Basically, being an undergraduate pupil, non-professional and missing in assurance due to this being the first research survey could impact what I have to show. One restriction of my research could be related to reflexiveness as semi structured interview is one of the method I used in the research. The interview has been important for deconstructing the production of cognition within research, taking to concerns over how we understand another individual ‘s â€Å" universe position † , however, when it comes to concerns over method or analysis within the academy, reflexiveness is frequently limited to either an analysis of the kineticss between the interviewer and the interviewee or warning of biased caused by temperament of the research worker ( Briggs, 2002 ) . As mentioned earlier, there were some inquiry of the interview were added and modified after a few interview as done, responds of some early interviewee have effects on the coevals of the inquiry. Their replies changed my perceptual experience of some certain country before planing the inquiries and I have to alter and add inquiries in the terminal to acquire more accura te and specific informations. Furthermore, being a Chinese pupil making interview that contains inquiries about other people ‘s position of Chinese pupils ‘ imbibing behaviour, interviewee sometimes may believe twice before replying some inquiries and being conservative non give all the responds they want because my nationality is impacting them. Besides there might be some grade of demand features existed during the interview. A demand characteristicA refers to an experimental artefact where participants form an reading of the experiment ‘s intent and unconsciously change their behaviour consequently. There are some of the inquiry of the interview could be misdirecting the interviewee give replies they anticipant the interviewer would desire. For illustration inquiry No. 17 assumed Chinese pupil would travel to the ideal pupil saloon on a regular basis, this may give them the incorrect thought I want the reply that there would be more interaction between Chinese a nd international pupils if there was of all time a ideal pupil saloon. Other restrictions could non be neglected every bit good. Due to the ground this is my first research, I am a comparatively inexperient interviewer, which may ensue non able to inquire prompt inquiries and some relevant informations might non be gathered. With the method of semi structured interview itself, non merely the informations could be inaccurate, but besides it could hold undependable informations as it is non-standardized and different inquiries were asked for the interview. And the cogency could be questionable as I am non able to happen out if the respondents were lying. Furthermore, sample of my research could be excessively little as I merely interviewed 15 interviewees and the figure of Chinese pupil participants and international pupils participants were non the same, this could make colored consequences. Meanwhile, the usage of focal point group may hold similar defects. Datas could be undependable and cogency should be argued every bit good as the little figure of r espondents bounds generalisation to the wider population. Besides during the procedure of making focal point group interview, there was a group member of international pupils ‘ group being over strong and dominant of the treatment which could do colored consequences. Methodology Participant observation Interview Ethical motives Reflexivity ( include demand features )

Federalist Paper #10 Analysis

Federalist Paper #10 Essay In perhaps the greatest installment of the federalist papers, James Madison describes how factions, which work against the interest of the public, can be controlled through a constitutional government. Factions are defined by Madison as groups of people that gather together to promote their own economic interests and political opinions (gradesaver. com). These factions often work against each other, and infringe upon the rights of others. Most people are concerned with the instability that rival factions can cause. State governments have done little to aid in the disbanding of factions.The situation is so dire that, people are disillusioned with all the politicians and blame the government for their problems (gradesaver. com). According to Madison, factions are inevitable. As long as people share a common belief, they will come together and fight for what they think is right. The reason most people formed factions in the eighteenth century, though, was the distribution of property. Even today, property is divided unequally. Men with more talent or ability tend to possess more land than those who were less gifted. Subsequently, there are many different kinds of property.Men have different wants or needs depending on the type of property they own. For example, the interests of a landowner might be different than that of a businessman (gradesaver. com). It is the governments’ job to manage the conflicting interests of property owners, and to regulate discrepancies between those with and without property. To Madison, there are only two ways to keep factions in check. Remove their causes, and control their effects (gradesaver. com). Unfortunately, the only real ways to manage factions are to either make everyone have the same opinion, or throw away liberty.Destroying liberty would be worse than, â€Å"the disease itself†, and making everyone have the same opinion would be as impossible as trying to tell an atheist there reall y is a god. Therefore, it is in the nature of man to create groups or factions. That’s why the government created a constitution that could handle the damage caused by factions. The fathers of the U. S. constitution established themselves as a representative government for a reason. Pure or direct democracies cannot possibly control conflicts between factions (gradesaver. com).The biggest factions will always dominate, and there would be no way to protect the weaker ones against an obnoxious individual or strong majority (gradesaver. com). Pure democracies cannot protect property rights, and have always been defined by the conflict they cause. Madison hopes that good men will be elected into office so that those who govern the country will be fair and honest. The opposite is possible though. Some Men are members of particularly large factions who have prejudices or evil motives, and could influence the people of the United States through intrigue or corruption.Although this c ould happen, it is very unlikely. The likelihood that qualified men will stay in office is higher because the country is big, and there will be more representatives chosen by a greater number of citizens. A representative government is needed in larger countries to protect against the rule of a mob (gradesaver. com). In conclusion, Madison presents these arguments because he believes that the majority of people will not listen the, â€Å"prophets of gloom† who say the new government won’t succeed. Because we feel pride in being Americans, we should cherish and support the idea of being a federalist.

Bullying Essay

†¢The content area of this text set is English because these books can be used as gateways into writing. The topic is bullying. Bullying is an issue present in every school today whether it be verbal or physical. By reading, discussion, and writing about the books in this text set, the students who are being bullied may realize they are not alone and that there are outlets for their feelings and the students who are the bullies may have the opportunity to step into the victim’s shoes and acknowledge their feelings and struggles. †¢This text set would be beneficial for middle schools students in grades 8 or 9. These texts would work well with any population of students because of their ability to touch every student differently. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"The purpose of using text sets rather than textbooks, worksheets, and lectures is to support an inquiry model that will spark interest, questions, and engagement; facilitate inter-textual connections; offer information from a var iety of perspectives; and reinforce the interrelatedness of reading writing, speaking, listening, and thinking.† Freedman, Lauren. â€Å"The Way School Should Be: Navigating Learning with Text Sets.† The Way School Should Be: Navigating Learning with Text Sets. Worlds of Words, Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . II. Content Area Text Set †¢Lord of the Flies by William Golding Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Coward-McCann, 1962. Print. oâ€Å"Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a classic piece which features many examples of bullying. The older boys in the story continuously use the littluns for amusement purposes, torturing and picking on them just because they are smaller. Although this story is an extreme example of bullying in schools, the abuse of power can be easily examined. Similarly, Jack and Ralph constantly experience a power struggle, Ralph using his views of civilization and respect to lead the boys, and Jack who wants to take over and turn the group into savage hunters. The majority of bullying in Lord of the Flies is physical; the boys throw rocks at the littluns, they physically take Piggy’s glasses, and Jack uses torture to gain information.† Billings, Anna. â€Å"Overcoming Bullying.† San Jose State University. 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . †¢Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Anderson, Laurie Halse. Speak. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999. Print. oâ€Å"Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson is a powerful story in young adult fiction. While the book is witty and easy to read, the themes are mature and realistic and good reading for teenagers. The book handles the topics of rape, the effects of teenage depression, peer pressure, and bullying with sensitivity, but it pulls no punches. It is not the usual coming of age story. Ninth grader Melinda Sordino is raped at an end of summer party by upper classman Andy Evans. Melinda calls the police to get help but when they arrive no one knows about the rape and it appears Melinda just called because there was underage drinking. Unable to give a reason for her actions, her friends ostracize her. This causes Melinda to spiral down into a depression that lasts her entire school year. Because Melinda does not and seemingly cannot speak out, she is subjected to bullying and isolation .† Finnegan, Linda. â€Å"Literary Analysis: Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson.† Helium. N.p., 10 Aug. 2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . †¢The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier Cormier, Robert. The Chocolate War: A Novel. [New York]: Pantheon, 1974. Print. oâ€Å"The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier comments on peer pressure, nonconformity, bullying and harassment. It provides an opportunity to explore issues related to bullying and harassment that focus on the role of the bystander. Students come to understand the powerful influence bystanders have on decreasing bullying and harassment. They are encouraged to think about and take action to intervene when they witness abuse of this nature. A central question the novel asks is, ‘Should one stand up for others or avoid being involved and suffer inevitable rejection and taunting?’† Stein, Paula. â€Å"A Novel Study: The Chocolate War and Bullying: The Role and Responsibilities of Bystanders.† Wolf Creek Public Schools. The Society for Safe and Caring Schools and Communities. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . †¢Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky oâ€Å"Written as a collection of letters from Charlie to an unnamed person, the story touches on various turbulent issues in a young adult’s life. From the beginning, the reader learns that Charlie is dealing with some powerful topics, including the recent suicide of his only friend and a recent spell at a mental facility following the death of his beloved Aunt Helen. Soon after school begins, it becomes apparent Charlie will not be part of the popular clique. Charlie is socially awkward (as are many teens), and his various attempts to participate leave him confused, frustrated, depressed. Luckily, he is adopted by a group of other â€Å"outsiders† who go to see the Rocky Horror Picture Show every Friday, and soon provide a way for Charlie to â€Å"fully participate†, as recommended by his beloved English teacher. Charlie manages to encounter almost every coming of age issue in the span of one school year. A wkwardness, self-doubt, drug and sexual experimentation, abusive relationships, teen pregnancy, bullying, homosexuality, suicide, depression, homophobia, and peer pressure are all part of Charlie’s roller-coaster freshman year. The wide variety of topics covered ensures that most, if not all teen readers will find something that they can relate to.† â€Å"Growing Up Charlie.† Young Adult Literature Reviews. Wikispaces, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . †¢Staying Fat for Sarah Byrnes by Chris Crutcher Crutcher, Chris. Staying Fat for Sarah Byrnes. New York, NY: Greenwillow, 1993. Print. oâ€Å"Poignant, moving, and deep, Staying Fat for Sarah Byrnes bravely addresses controversial and mature subject matter. Chronic and extreme child abuse is at the heart of this story and horrific instances are detailed. A main character was intentionally burned by her father, who further refused plastic surgery for her in order to make her tough. Public humiliation, extreme bullying, and vengeful pranks all take place. Serious issues such as abortion, suicide, religion, and moral beliefs are debated and discussed in a high school class.† â€Å"Staying Fat for Sarah Byrnes by Chris Crutcher.† StorySnoops Children’s Book Reviews. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . †¢Dreamland by Sarah Dessen Dessen, Sarah. Dreamland: A Novel. New York: Viking, 2000. Print. oâ€Å"In this riveting novel, Sarah Dessen searches for understanding and answers through the mind of a young girl who suddenly finds herself in a trap of constant menace, a trap that is baited with love and need. More and more she must frantically manage her every action to avoid being hit by the hands that had seemed so gentle. All around Caitlin are women who care—best friends, mother, sister, mentor—but she can confide in none of them, especially not Cass, her brilliant older sister, whose own flight from home had seemed to point the way for Caitlin.† Campbell, Patty. â€Å"Dreamland by Sarah Dessen Reading Guide.† Penguin. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . †¢Brave New Girl by Louisa Luna Luna, Louisa. Brave New Girl. New York: Pocket, 2001. Print. oâ€Å"A fourteen-year-old trying to find her way in the world, Doreen is as much an outcast at school as she is at home. Marginalized by her peers, misunderstood by her parents, and mourning the loss of her older brother who disappeared when she was just a child, Doreen finds solace in her fierce love of music and in her best friend, Ted. But when her older sister begins dating a bewildering twenty-one-year-old named Matthew, Doreen must confront feelings she never knew she possessed. Forced into adulthood kicking and screaming (not to mention swearing), Doreen ultimately impels her troubled family to forge a new understanding of the world — and, maybe more surprisingly, of one another. High school is bad enough; it’s worse when you have only one friend in the world and a family that just doesn’t get it. This breathless coming-of-age novel explores the alienation o f adolescence and introduces a bold and shimmering new voice in fiction.† â€Å"Brave New Girl.† Amazon.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . †¢StopBullying.gov oâ€Å"StopBullying.gov provides information from various government agencies on what bullying is, what cyberbullying is, who is at risk, and how you can prevent and respond to bullying.† â€Å"About Us.† StopBullying.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . oThis website would be a great tool for students to perform a webquest in order to gain more information on bullying. It would be beneficial to begin the unit on bullying by having students research the facts on this site so that students will gain perspective on the issue before reading about it.

Sun Tzu’s Art of War and Business Strategy

The concepts from Sun Zi’ a Art of War and Business Strategies applied by Carrefour is sufficient and effective, so just keep up with those concepts and Carrefour will do fine in the future. Otherwise, they could also apply some of other concepts from Sun Zi to even strengthen their business and to even secure a more stable success from future uncertainties. Carrefour should open more famous restaurant inside such as famous retailer shop to attract more customer traffic. Besides, they should be discovering more sales promotions to attract customers, such as rebates, premium and so on. This can be done by increasing advertisement in TV to attract more customers. By that, attract workers that they have many languages to communicate with customer in dealing with customer with different religious view. One of those concepts from Sun Zi that Carrefour could apply is the â€Å"To Dictate and Not to Be Dictated† concept. The company needs to create online supply platform, which will have Sears and Oracle. This will allow the company’s retailers and suppliers exchange innovative information through the internet system and maximize the flow of products, hence minimizing their administrative costs. Carrefour also needs to embrace technological advances, which will allow the company venture into new markets where it can increase its customer base. The marketing strategies, which the company can embrace, include online, viral marketing, and sourcing strategies (Nina, 2008). The company needs to streamline its legal aspects to allow its expanding in Asian markets without any hurdles. Carrefour gains of the utilization of emerging technologies can also come in the form of lowered tear and wear on equipment and facilities, which will decrease the maintenance needed for equipment and facilities (Gehlen & Lasserre, 2005). Carrefour has to show an exceptional capacity to adapt its concept to local business environment across the globe. By internalizing the achievement or failure of definite initiatives in one business design, Carrefour is capable to transmit the knowledge of this failure or success transversely in all business departments at little cost to the firm. The company is competent to spread the expertise, which its human capital has gained by sending experts to work side-by-side with local managerial team. This structure enables the spreading of understanding within the firm both downstream and upstream, therefore, creating value for the whole company (Hoskisson, 2008). Besides that, Carrefour could also apply the â€Å"Knowing the Battleground and Engagement Time† concept. Whereby Carrefour could conduct a survey beforehand to determine what are the most suitable tactics and strategies to implement in a certain market. This will bring greater result and a swift success could be obtained. Carrefour should seize the opportunity for expansion to other parts of China, especially the second-tier cities, which have a high growth potential. Since the eastern coastal cities where Carrefour has the majority of the market share are already saturated, there is little value in investing more money in the area. Moreover, it is timely for Carrefour to expand especially when personal income in China has seen a rising trend. This shows that the Chinese consumer market has a high potential for growth, and consumption and demand is likely to increase as disposable income rises. While Carrefour’s main challenge is increased competition as its major competitors also have plans to expand and seize market share, its resources do give it a competitive advantage. Firstly, its one-stop shopping concept is one-of-a-kind. It recognizes consumers’ need for convenience and provides for it. Hence, Carrefour should continue to position itself as a company that delivers superior value offering to customers, as well as the place where one can satisfy most of one’s needs for products, entertainment and other services. Secondly, its management capabilities also give it a competitive advantage over other competitors. Having a decentralized management gives the store managers flexibility to adjust the strategies to meet different local demands and needs in different locations. This allows Carrefour to increase customer value as it narrows down and customizes its strategy to meet the local customers’ needs. Thirdly, Carrefour’s low employee turnover rate gives it a cost advantage over its competitors and also raises overall confidence level of the company. Our recommendations are relative to the market development and are based on an evaluation of the forecast return within the coming 12 months. The forecast return is the difference between the current price and our 12-month price target which includes the projected dividend. The equity market has historically yielded a return of around 10%. When we determine the recommendation for a share we use the 10% as an estimate of the return in the equity market. Since our recommendations are relative and risk-adjusted, it is possible to compare our recommendations across sectors and risk categories. In addition, the potential is stated in absolute terms via our price target. It should be borne in mind, however, that the recommendation is the anchor. A buy recommendation will remain a buy recommendation until changed, even if price increases have taken the price ‘too close’ to the price target. The future and historical returns estimated in the research report are stated as returns before costs since returns after costs depend on a number of factors relating to individual customer relations, custodian charges, volume of trade as well as market, currency and product-specific factors. It is not certain that the share will yield the stated expected future returns. The stated expected future returns exclusively express our best assessment. References http://designit.com/cases/making-quick-check-scanning-simple http://na-carrefour.blogspot.com/2012/05/recommendation.html http://www.studymode.com/subjects/recommendation-of-carrefour-page1.html http://www.exclusivepapers.com/essays/Informative/carrefour-company.php